Science projects by class
Science projects for class 11 and 12: 331 ideas.
Every idea on this list suits class 11 and 12. 297 of them have numbered build steps, and each one explains the science, lists the materials and says how long it takes and how to stay safe. Pick a subject, or use the finder to narrow by type and difficulty.
Other classes: Class 1 to 5, Class 6 to 8, Class 9 and 10, College and diploma.
Physics
Physics projects for class 11 and 12
- AC generator (electromagnetic induction)
- Light trapped in a stream of water
- Full wave bridge rectifier
- Logic gates with diodes and a transistor
- Transformer working model
- Magnet falling through a copper pipe (Lenz’s law)
- Refractive index of liquids by real and apparent depth
- Footstep power with piezo discs
- How resistance changes with the length and thickness of nichrome wire
- Internal resistance and emf of a dry cell from a V-I graph
- Conductivity of salt water against concentration with two carbon rods
- Homopolar motor from a screw, a cell and a neodymium magnet
- Shake torch: a magnet moving through a coil lights an LED
- Eddy current brake: a metal plate pendulum swinging between magnets
- Thermocouple from copper and iron wire read with a multimeter
- Forward voltage of LEDs of different colours and the energy of light
- Charging and discharging a capacitor: the RC time constant with a stopwatch
- Metre bridge on a plank: finding an unknown resistance by balance
- Home-made tangent galvanometer: compass deflection against coil current
- Joule heating: water temperature rise against voltage
- Maximum power from a cell: power against load resistance graph
- Potential divider: output voltage from a pencil lead and an LDR
- Diode V-I characteristic with cells: forward knee and reverse leakage
- Slide-wire potentiometer to compare the emf of two cells
- Force on a current carrying wire: swinging foil strip in a magnet gap
- How a bar magnet’s field falls with distance: compass log graph
- Torch bulb V-I curve: why a hot filament is not ohmic
- Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws on a two-loop resistor board
- Induced emf against magnet speed: dropping a magnet through a coil
- Convex lens focal length from a u-v graph on a metre rule bench
- Bessel’s displacement method: focal length without finding the lens centre
- Concave mirror: where the image forms and how big it is
- Critical angle of water: the vanishing pin under a floating disc
- Glass slab pin method: Snell’s law from a sin i against sin r graph
- Glass prism: angle of deviation against angle of incidence curve
- Two-lens compound microscope model with measured magnification
- Two-lens astronomical telescope: magnifying power equals f0 divided by fe
- Two polarising filters: Malus’s law with a phone light sensor
- Measuring the track spacing of a CD with a laser pointer
- Inverse square law of light with an LED and a phone lux meter
- Newton’s law of cooling: temperature curve and ln graph of hot water
- Specific heat of metal pieces by the method of mixtures
- Butter dabs on metal rods: which metal conducts heat best
- Latent heat of fusion of ice by mixing with warm water
- Linear expansion of a metal rod magnified by a rolling-needle pointer
- Resonance tube: speed of sound using a phone tone generator
- Echo clapping rhythm: speed of sound from a distant wall
- Sonometer string: frequency against length and tension
- Blowing across a bottle: Helmholtz resonance frequency against air volume
- Chladni patterns: salt figures on a speaker-driven metal plate
- Newton’s second law: trolley pulled by a falling weight
- Two toy car collisions: checking momentum with slow-motion video
- Rubber band launcher: range against launch angle, maximum at 45 degrees
- Rolling race on a slope: hollow can, solid cylinder and ball
- Whirled rubber bung: checking the centripetal force formula
- A marble falling in honey: viscosity from terminal speed
- Straw hydrometer: calibrating a float to measure liquid density
- Capillary rise of water against tube radius: Jurin’s law with glass tubes
- Hooke’s law and spring oscillations: T² against load graph
- Finding g with a simple pendulum: T² against length graph
- Solar cell I-V curve: maximum power point and fill factor
- Savonius wind turbine from cans: lifting a weight at different wind speeds
- Spoon Pelton wheel: output power and efficiency against water head
- Solar cell I-V curve and maximum power point with a potentiometer load
- Peltier mini cooler box: temperature drop with different heat sinks
- DC motor torque-speed curve and back EMF measured with a rope brake
- Rotating-magnet coil generator: output voltage against speed and turns
- Falling magnet through a coil recorded with a phone sound card
- Slider-crank and scotch yoke models compared for piston displacement
- Spur gear train model testing speed ratio, torque and backlash
- Four-bar linkage wiper mechanism and its coupler curve plotted on paper
- Cam and follower model: three profiles and their displacement diagrams
- Warren truss bridge from ice-cream sticks tested to failure
- Model footing on sand: bearing load against footing width and depth
- Simply supported wooden beam: deflection test and Young’s modulus estimate
- How many clear layers does a solar heater plate need? Glazing test
- Two, three, four or six blades: which rotor turns a dynamo best?
- Small solar cells in series and in parallel, with one cell shaded
- Windmill pump model that lifts water with a crank and syringe
- Drip emitter flow against reservoir height: pressure head test
- Gravity dam profile model: why the base is thick and the top thin
- Two-lens refracting telescope from a pair of magnifying glasses
- Whirling ball orbit: how speed changes with string length
- Doppler shift of a whirling buzzer, the idea behind galaxy redshift
- CD spectroscope that splits daylight, bulb and tube light
- Launch angle and range with a spring catapult: is 45 degrees best?
- Spinning paper-cup curve: the Magnus effect behind swing and spin bowling
- Playground swing as a pendulum: does the rider’s weight change the time?
- Football air pressure and bounce height with a hand pump
Chemistry
Chemistry projects for class 11 and 12
- Electrolysis of water
- Vitamin C in fruit juices
- Foaming capacity of soaps
- Temperature and the rate of a reaction
- Oxalate in guava as it ripens
- Simple food adulteration tests
- Comparing water hardness of local samples by soap drop count
- Does boiling soften water? Temporary against permanent hardness
- Rate of reaction and concentration: vinegar strength by mass loss
- Electroplating a steel key with copper from copper sulphate
- Mass of copper deposited against time: testing Faraday’s law
- Soap against detergent: lather height in hard and soft water
- pH of tea and coffee against brewing time and added milk
- Corrosion rate of iron nails against salt concentration
- Sacrificial protection: zinc-wrapped against copper-wrapped nails
- Comparing vinegar brands by drop titration with washing soda
- Which antacid neutralises the most acid? A vinegar drop count
- How much calcium carbonate is in an eggshell? Mass loss in vinegar
- Hot or cold? Temperature change when different solids dissolve
- Iron nail in copper sulphate: weighing the copper that appears
- Cooling curve of candle wax: where the temperature stops falling
- Does salt raise the boiling point of water? A measured test
- Phitkari loses nearly half its mass: water of crystallisation
- Solubility curves: alum rises steeply with heat, salt hardly moves
- Charles’s law with a sealed syringe in cold and hot water baths
- Vitamin C clock: a colourless mix that turns blue on time
- Catalyst race: which kitchen catalyst breaks down hydrogen peroxide fastest?
- Daniell cell with a paper salt bridge: measuring 1 volt from two metals
- Dyeing cotton with turmeric and onion skin: does a mordant help?
- Spinach leaf pigments separated by paper chromatography with Rf values
- Hot ice: making sodium acetate that freezes warm from baking soda
- Alum against moringa seed powder: which clears muddy water faster?
- Vitamin C in raw and boiled vegetables with iodine and starch
Biology
Biology projects for class 11 and 12
- Human heart model with double circulation
- DNA double helix model
- Does the colour of light affect plant growth?
- Yeast fermentation and temperature
- Osmosis in potato strips
- Salivary amylase and temperature
- Extract DNA from a banana
- Stages of mitosis in onion root tips
- Counting oxygen bubbles from Hydrilla at different light distances
- Spinach leaf pigments separated on filter paper
- Detached leaves left on a tray: which type loses weight fastest?
- Potometer from a straw and a syringe: still air, fan or shade
- Rhoeo leaf peel: counting stomata and guard cells
- Lung volumes measured by water displacement in a bottle
- Villi and surface area: flat cloth against a looped towel
- Salt and yeast: how much does salt slow a rising dough?
- Compost bucket temperature log: green waste against a green and brown mix
- Leaf litter in mesh bags: which leaves rot fastest in soil?
- Catalase in potato: raw, boiled and crushed pieces make different foam
- Fresh and tinned pineapple in jelly: an enzyme that eats protein
- Mendel with coins: tossing a pea cross to find the 3 to 1 ratio
- Coloured bead necklace from DNA to mRNA to a short protein
- Balloon biogas digesters: kitchen waste against cow dung slurry
- Compost heap temperature log: heat from living microbes
- Fenugreek in nutrient water against garden soil: a growth race
- Salty irrigation water: how much salt can seeds tolerate?
- Neem, garlic and soap sprays compared on leaf-eating damage
- Seed age and storage method: how germination falls with time
- Protecting stored pulses from weevils with neem, ash and turmeric
- Earthworm food choice chamber: what do vermicompost worms prefer?
- Root nodule survey: pulse plants against cereals in a field
- Potometer water uptake of a leafy shoot in still air, wind, shade and sun
- Sleep diary and morning reaction time across a school week
- Salt in snack packets: a bar chart from sodium on the labels
Maths
Maths projects for class 11 and 12
- Fibonacci numbers in nature
- Estimate pi by dropping needles (Buffon’s needle)
- Unit circle trigonometry board with a swinging radius arm
- Nail-board Galton machine that drops beads into a bell curve
- Birthday paradox survey across the sections of a school
- Estimate pi by scattering rice over a square and its circle
- Clay double cone cut to reveal all four conic sections
- String art parabola made from straight lines only
- Pin and string ellipse drawer with measured focus distances
- Seven bridges of Konigsberg board with removable bridges
- Width of a pond or river from a baseline and the sine rule
- Sine wave drawn by a turning wheel and a moving roll of paper
- Arm span against height: scatter plot, mean, spread and best-fit line
- Area of a leaf by random dots: a Monte Carlo estimate with a check
- Monty Hall with three cups: should you switch? 100 trials and the proof
- How long is a game of snakes and ladders? 100 simulated games
- Balancing a cardboard triangle at its centroid, checked by coordinates
- Taxicab geometry on a city grid: distances, midpoints and square circles
- Bouncing ball: a geometric sequence of heights and its infinite sum
- Biggest open box from a square sheet: calculus against trial boxes
- Area under a curve by rectangles and trapeziums before the integral
- Speed of a toy car from tangents to its distance-time graph
- Hanging chain or hanging bridge? Catenary and parabola compared
- Two bags of beads: conditional probability and Bayes by experiment
- Range against launch angle: does 45 degrees really go farthest?
Earth and space
Earth and space projects for class 11 and 12
- IoT weather station
- Measuring the dew point with a shiny can and ice
- Rotating planisphere star finder for your latitude
- Why the monsoon blows: sand versus water heating and cooling test
- Measuring the Earth’s circumference from shadows in two cities
- Find your latitude with a straw, a protractor and the Pole Star
- Noon shadow tip marked every week: the analemma figure-eight
- Diameter of the Sun from a pinhole image on a card
- Kepler’s third law: plotting T squared against a cubed for the planets
- Parallax: measuring distance to a tree with a thumb and your eyes
- Counting stars in a tube: a light pollution survey of your town
- Capillary rise of water in sand, silt and clay columns
- Sand tank with two wells: drawdown and well interference
- Equinox noon shadow: finding your latitude with a vertical stick
- Night-sky clock that tells time from the Saptarishi stars
- Measuring the Moon’s angular size with a coin and a metre ruler
- Eratosthenes’ method: estimating Earth’s size from two cities’ shadows
Electronics and robotics
Electronics and robotics projects for class 11 and 12
- Smart dustbin with Arduino
- Obstacle-avoiding robot
- Line follower robot
- Automatic plant watering system
- Solar tracker with LDRs
- Automatic railway gate control
- Fire-fighting robot
- Gas leakage detector
- Bluetooth-controlled car
- Phone web page that switches a 12 V LED strip through an ESP8266 relay
- PIR corridor light that stays on for a set time after movement
- Kitchen gas alarm that starts a 12 V exhaust fan through a relay
- Flame sensor store room alarm with a small sprinkler pump
- RFID door latch that pulls a 12 V solenoid for tagged cards only
- Voice commands from a phone app switch two 12 V lights over Bluetooth
- Automatic curtain that opens at dawn using an LDR and a DC motor
- Overhead tank level on your phone with automatic pump control (ESP8266)
- Gas leak detector that turns a model cylinder valve shut with a servo
- PIR intruder alarm that sends a phone message through an ESP8266
- Earthquake alarm with an MPU6050 that cuts a 12 V supply through a relay
- Two-zone drip irrigation with soil probes and a phone dashboard (ESP8266)
- Model greenhouse that runs a fan and a mist pump from DHT11 readings
- Water turbidity meter using a laser pointer and an LDR
- Tipping bucket rain gauge with a reed switch counted by Arduino
- Grain store humidity alarm with an ESP8266 that warns the phone
- Indoor air quality logger with MQ-135, an OLED and a phone graph (ESP32)
- Cup anemometer with a Hall sensor and wind vane on an OLED
- Flood early warning post with an ultrasonic level sensor and a three-stage siren
- Dual-axis solar tracker with four LDRs and two servos
- Car parking sensor with an Arduino whose beeps speed up as the wall nears
- Digital room thermometer with an LM35 and LCD showing the day’s minimum and maximum
- Sonar radar sweep: a servo-mounted ultrasonic sensor mapping a room on a laptop
- Digital lap stopwatch with an Arduino, three buttons and an LCD
- Reaction time tester with random delay and false start detection (Arduino)
- Model door lock opened by a 4 digit keypad code and a servo bolt
- RFID card door opener with an MFRC522 reader that logs who entered
- Fingertip pulse sensor showing heartbeats on the Serial Plotter and a beat LED
- Four-servo robot arm that copies the angles of four knobs
- Mini sumo robot that finds its opponent and stays inside the white-edged ring
- Two-gate speed meter that times a toy car with infrared sensors
- Hand-wave theremin: an ultrasonic sensor that plays higher notes as your hand nears
- Barometer and altimeter with a BMP280 that detects which floor you are on
- Internet clock showing Indian time on an OLED, set automatically by NTP
- Stepper motor turntable that turns a product by 10 degrees for 360 degree photos
- Medicine time reminder box with a DS3231 clock, buzzer and LCD
- Touch-free soap dispenser with an ultrasonic sensor, relay and small pump
- Digital kitchen scale built from a load cell, an HX711 amplifier and an Arduino
- Temperature-controlled 5 V fan with PWM speed steps and a logic-level MOSFET
- Cricket scoreboard with MAX7219 LED matrices, scoring buttons and over counter
- Old TV remote that switches three LEDs and a servo through an IR receiver
- 555 monostable delay timer: calculated against measured pulse width
- LM317 adjustable 1.25 to 12 V bench supply with a load regulation test
- AA cell capacity tester with a constant-current load and Arduino logging
- Joule thief that lights an LED from a nearly flat 1.2 V cell
- LM386 audio amplifier with measured gain and frequency response
- TV remote code decoder with a TSOP1738 receiver and Arduino
- Thermistor thermometer calibrated with the Steinhart-Hart equation
- LM2596 buck converter module: efficiency against load current
- PWM speed controller for a 12 V DC motor with an IR tachometer
- HX711 load cell kitchen scale with calibration and an error table
Environment
Environment projects for class 11 and 12
- How much rain your roof can catch: a measured roof yield study
- Home energy audit using the meter, appliance labels and a week of logs
- Carbon footprint of the journey to school: petrol, bus, bicycle and walking
- Urban heat island: temperatures on road, roof, grass and under a tree
- Dissolved solids in ten water sources measured with a TDS meter
- How fast does rain soak in? Infiltration rate with a tin-can ring
- How much carbon does the school’s biggest tree store? Girth and height
- How strong is sunshine? Watts per square metre from a blackened can
- Evaporation from pans in sun, shade and wind: millimetres a day
- Weighing a fortnight of food waste: what we throw away and why
- Falling head permeability test on sand, silt and clay mixes
- First flush diverter model that discards the dirty first rain from a roof
- Solar still yield study with three cover angles and two basin colours
- Solar dryer cabinet against open-air drying of chilli and fruit
- Paper and sawdust briquettes: how long do they burn compared with wood?
- Tin-can rocket stove model that boils water with a handful of twigs
- Classroom lighting audit: lux readings and how much LEDs would save
- Greywater reuse: rice-wash, soapy and tap water on bean seedlings
- Polyhouse tunnel against open bed: temperature, humidity and seedling growth
- Sunlight bottle disinfection model: temperature in clear, black-backed and shaded bottles
- Recharge pit model that refills a borewell tube from roof water
- Cutting pond evaporation with shade, floating balls and an oil film
- Litres per kilo of rice, wheat and vegetables: a virtual water table
Computing and coding
Computing and coding projects for class 11 and 12
- Python calculator with functions and a menu loop
- Python to-do list that saves tasks in a text file
- Python text adventure: find the lost key in the school
- Python daily diary that adds dated entries to a file
- Python analysis of class marks from a CSV file
- Python chatbot that replies using keyword rules
- Python password strength checker using made-up passwords
- Python hangman game with a word list and six lives
- Python bill generator for a kirana shop
- Python turtle drawing of the Indian tricolour with chakra
- Python summary of monthly rainfall with a text bar chart
- Python Caesar cipher with a brute-force code breaker
- Python word counter that finds the ten most common words
- Python tic-tac-toe for two players with a win checker
- Python student record manager saved in a JSON file
- Python attendance checker that flags students below 75 percent
- HTML and CSS one-page online resume
- HTML and CSS school magazine front page with columns
- HTML and CSS photo gallery with flexbox and hover zoom
- HTML contact form with required fields and a dropdown
- CSS navigation bar linking a three-page website
- CSS animated Diwali card with a flickering diya
- HTML page with a dark mode button that remembers your choice
- Spreadsheet marksheet with total, percentage, grade and result
- Spreadsheet attendance register using COUNTIF
- Spreadsheet electricity bill estimator with unit slabs
- Spreadsheet rank list with RANK and a VLOOKUP report card
- Spreadsheet comparing simple and compound interest over 20 years
- Spreadsheet sports day scoreboard using SUMIF
- Digital safety test: can friends spot fake messages?
- Media literacy: check five forwarded messages before sharing
- AI literacy: testing a chatbot with twenty checkable questions
- AI literacy: train an image classifier on stationery items
- Digital privacy audit of app permissions with a parent
- AI literacy: can classmates tell AI-written text from student writing?
- Paper flowchart for an ATM withdrawal with three PIN tries
- Sorting number cards by hand: bubble sort against selection sort
- Binary search against linear search on a sorted roll-number list
- SQL mini-database for a school library with a JOIN
- SQL stock database for a kirana shop with low-stock alerts
- SQL cricket scorecard database with averages and strike rates
- SQL school bus routes database with fares and empty routes
- Python bank account class with deposit, withdraw and history
- Python explorer: prime sieve and Fibonacci golden ratio
- Python and pandas analysis of 30 years of monthly rainfall open data
- Library management database in SQLite with a Python command-line app
- Linear regression to predict used scooter prices with scikit-learn
- Flask online quiz app with SQLite score storage and a leaderboard
- K-nearest neighbours classifier on the iris and wine data with a confusion matrix
- Tkinter attendance register app with a monthly summary and CSV export