Computer Hardware and Maintenance
For Hardware and networking and PC maintenance
Know every part inside a PC, assemble one safely, set up BIOS/UEFI, install Windows and drivers, and diagnose and prevent common hardware faults.
1Inside the PC: Motherboard and CPU5 key points · 3 min read
- The motherboard connects every component and carries power and data.
- Form factors such as ATX, Micro-ATX and Mini-ITX must suit the cabinet.
- CPU specifications include cores, threads, clock speed (GHz) and cache.
- A CPU must match the socket and appear on the motherboard support list.
- Thermal paste and a cooler stop the CPU from overheating.
2Memory: RAM Types5 key points · 3 min read
- RAM is fast, volatile working memory; its contents vanish without power.
- DDR3, DDR4 and DDR5 are not interchangeable because the notch position differs.
- Desktops use DIMMs, laptops use SO-DIMMs, and some laptops have soldered RAM.
- Matching modules in the correct slots run in faster dual-channel mode.
- A loose RAM module is a common cause of no display.
3Storage: HDD, SSD and NVMe5 key points · 3 min read
- HDDs use spinning platters; SSDs use flash memory with no moving parts.
- SATA SSDs are limited by the SATA interface; NVMe SSDs use faster PCIe lanes.
- M.2 is a form factor, and an M.2 drive can be SATA or NVMe.
- Defragment HDDs but never SSDs; Windows uses TRIM for SSDs.
- A clicking hard disk means back up the data immediately.
4The SMPS and Computer Ports5 key points · 3 min read
- The SMPS converts 230 V AC mains into low DC voltages: +12 V, +5 V and +3.3 V.
- Main connectors are the 24-pin ATX, 8-pin CPU, PCIe and SATA power.
- Choose adequate wattage from a reliable brand and protect it with a UPS.
- Never open an SMPS: its capacitors can stay charged.
- USB-C is a connector shape; speed depends on the USB version.
5Assembling a PC Safely5 key points · 3 min read
- Unplug the PC and drain leftover charge before working inside.
- ESD can damage parts invisibly: use a wrist strap, an antistatic mat and antistatic bags.
- Handle components by their edges and never force a CPU or RAM module.
- A pea-sized dot of thermal paste is enough; connect the fan to CPU_FAN.
- If a new build will not start, check the front-panel and CPU power cables first.
6BIOS/UEFI, Boot Order, Windows and Drivers5 key points · 3 min read
- Firmware runs POST, then starts the OS from the first bootable device.
- UEFI replaces legacy BIOS and supports GPT drives and Secure Boot.
- Setup and boot-menu keys vary by maker; Delete, F2, F12 and Esc are common.
- Windows 11 requires Secure Boot capable UEFI firmware and TPM 2.0.
- Get drivers from official sites; Device Manager shows problems and can roll back a driver.
7Troubleshooting and Preventive Maintenance5 key points · 3 min read
- Troubleshoot methodically: ask, reproduce, check simple things, change one thing at a time.
- Fans without a display often means RAM seating or the wrong monitor port.
- A clock that resets at every start points to a weak CMOS battery.
- Beep codes differ by manufacturer, so check the motherboard manual.
- Regular cleaning, good airflow, a UPS and backups prevent many faults.








