Science projects
Your Science Exhibition Guide
Choose a project, build it, present it and answer the judges with confidence
Science project idea finder
1029 science project ideas, from class 1 to college.
Find a project by class, subject and type. Every idea explains the science it shows, what you need, how long it takes and how to stay safe, with free ebooks and ready-made kits if you need them. 930 ideas have numbered steps and viva questions on their own page.
Want a complete build with diagrams? 16 free detailed project guides
- Class 1 to 5Simple, safe models made with help at home.224 ideas
- Class 6 to 8Working models of the science you learn in class.485 ideas
- Class 9 and 10Energy, electricity, light and first robots.467 ideas
- Class 11 and 12Investigatory projects for the practical exam.332 ideas
- College and diplomaArduino, IoT and sensor projects.119 ideas
Idea finder
Find your project
Choose your class and what interests you, or search for a word such as magnet, solar, heart or robot. Open any card for a summary, or its title for the full page with the science, the steps and the viva questions.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Touch-free soap dispenser with an ultrasonic sensor, relay and small pump
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When a hand comes within about 10 cm, the sensor detects it and the Arduino runs a small pump for a fraction of a second. It shows how sensors, relays and timers are combined in a hygiene device.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or Nano
- An HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor
- A 5 V single-channel relay module
- A 3 to 6 V mini submersible pump with a short tube
- A 4 x AA battery holder (6 V) for the pump
- A 1N4007 diode
- A plastic bottle for soap solution and a tray
- A breadboard and jumper wires
Safety: Low voltage battery only. Use dilute liquid soap for testing, never alcohol sanitiser, as it is flammable. Keep the Arduino and relay away from liquid and use a tray to catch drips. An adult must help with drilling the bottle.
Take it further: Add a counter on an OLED that shows how many doses were given and a low-level warning.
Electronics and roboticsChallenging
Digital kitchen scale built from a load cell, an HX711 amplifier and an Arduino
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A load cell is a metal bar whose resistance changes by a tiny amount when it bends under a weight. The HX711 amplifies and digitises this change so the Arduino can show the mass in grams.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or Nano
- A 5 kg bar load cell with an HX711 module
- Two plywood or acrylic plates about 12 cm square and four spacers (nuts and bolts)
- A 16 x 2 I2C LCD
- A push button for tare
- A known reference mass, such as a 500 g packet of sugar or 1 kg of packed rice
- Jumper wires
Safety: USB power only. Do not place more than 5 kg on the scale or the load cell is permanently damaged. Mount the plates so that the force acts at the free end of the bar.
Take it further: Add a price-per-kilogram keypad entry so the scale shows the cost of loose goods.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Temperature-controlled 5 V fan with PWM speed steps and a logic-level MOSFET
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Pulse width modulation switches a fan on and off thousands of times a second; the fraction of time it is on sets the average power and speed. The Arduino raises the duty cycle as the temperature climbs, as a computer cooling fan does.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or Nano
- An LM35 temperature sensor
- An IRLZ44N logic-level N-channel MOSFET
- A small 5 V DC fan drawing under 200 mA
- A 1N4007 diode, a 100 Ω resistor and a 10 kΩ resistor
- A breadboard and jumper wires
- A USB power bank
Safety: USB power only. Keep fingers out of the fan blades. The MOSFET can get warm if the fan current is too high.
Take it further: Add a second threshold that sounds a buzzer if the temperature passes 50 degrees.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Double-clap switch for a 5 V USB lamp with a sound sensor and relay module
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A sound sensor turns the loud burst of a clap into a signal. The Arduino counts claps within a time window and toggles a relay, which switches a small lamp on and off.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or Nano
- A KY-038 or similar microphone sound sensor module with digital output
- A 5 V single-channel relay module
- A 5 V USB LED lamp (not a mains lamp) with a USB lead
- A power bank
- A breadboard and jumper wires
Safety: Use only a low-voltage 5 V USB lamp. Never connect a mains lamp or plug to this relay: leave that to a qualified electrician. Keep the relay contacts away from loose wires.
Take it further: Add a second relay and use three claps for a USB fan.
Electronics and roboticsChallenging
Cricket scoreboard with MAX7219 LED matrices, scoring buttons and over counter
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A MAX7219 chip drives a whole 8 x 8 LED matrix from three wires. The Arduino keeps the score, wickets and balls in variables and shows them as scrolling or fixed text, like a small scoreboard.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or Nano
- A 4-in-1 MAX7219 8 x 8 LED matrix module (32 x 8 LEDs)
- Five push buttons for 1 run, 4, 6, wicket and undo
- A 5 V power bank or USB supply
- A breadboard and jumper wires
- A cardboard or wooden frame
Safety: USB power only. The matrix is bright, so do not stare at it from a short distance, and it may get warm; switch it off when not in use.
Take it further: Add a second Arduino and an nRF24L01 so the scorer can sit away from the board.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Old TV remote that switches three LEDs and a servo through an IR receiver
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A remote control flashes an invisible infrared LED in a coded pattern, and a receiver module decodes it into a number. The Arduino can read that number and act on it, so any old remote becomes a controller for your projects.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or compatible board
- A VS1838B or TSOP1738 infrared receiver module
- An old TV or set-top box remote with fresh cells
- Three LEDs with three 220 Ω resistors
- An SG90 micro servo
- A breadboard and jumper wires
Safety: USB power only. Do not use remote controls that have cracked battery cases or leaking cells.
Take it further: Control a 2WD robot from the remote, using four keys as forward, back, left and right.
ChemistryMedium
Charles’s law with a sealed syringe in cold and hot water baths
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A fixed amount of gas at constant pressure expands steadily as its temperature rises. A graph of volume against temperature is a straight line that points to about minus 273 degrees C.
You will need
- A 50 or 60 ml plastic syringe with a smooth plunger (from a medical store)
- A cap or a piece of clay to seal its tip
- Ice, warm water and a kettle of hot water (adult use)
- A large steel bowl or pan
- A thermometer reading to 100 degrees C
- A rubber band to hold the syringe on a ruler
- A drop of cooking oil for the plunger
- Graph paper
Safety: An adult must handle the hot water. Do not use water above 70 degrees C. Do not push the syringe hard against a closed tip, since the plunger can pop out.
Take it further: Keep the temperature fixed and press the plunger by adding known weights to test Boyle’s law, that pressure times volume is constant.
ChemistryMedium
Daniell cell with a paper salt bridge: measuring 1 volt from two metals
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A chemical cell turns the energy of a redox reaction into electricity. Zinc and copper in their salt solutions, joined by a salt bridge, give a voltage of about 1 volt that falls as the reaction proceeds.
You will need
- A zinc strip (from a dead dry cell case or a galvanised nail ground clean), 5 cm
- A copper strip or thick copper wire, 5 cm
- Copper sulphate, 5 g, in 100 ml of water
- Epsom salt (magnesium sulphate) or zinc sulphate, 10 g, in 100 ml of water
- Two glasses
- A strip of filter paper or tissue soaked in table salt solution (the salt bridge)
- A digital multimeter and two crocodile clips
- A red LED for a series test
Safety: An adult must supervise. Copper sulphate is harmful if swallowed and irritates the skin and eyes; wear gloves and goggles. Do not put cells in the mouth. Dispose of the solution as the teacher directs.
Take it further: Replace zinc with an iron nail or an aluminium strip and compare the voltages to build a small electrochemical series.
ChemistryChallenging
Hot ice: making sodium acetate that freezes warm from baking soda
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A supersaturated solution holds more solute than it normally should. Touching it with one seed crystal sets off fast crystallisation that gives out heat, so the liquid turns into a warm solid.
You will need
- White vinegar, 1 litre
- Baking soda, 4 tablespoons
- A wide steel pan
- A stove (adult only)
- A clean glass jar with a lid and a clean saucer
- A spoon and a small piece of paper
- A fridge for cooling
- A thermometer if possible
Safety: An adult must supervise and do all boiling. Vinegar fumes irritate the eyes and the pan can overflow with fizzing, so add soda a little at a time in a ventilated room. Do not taste the product. The hot solution can scald, so cool it before pouring.
Take it further: Measure the temperature rise with a thermometer and compare it for different amounts of solution.
MathsMedium
Width of a pond or river from a baseline and the sine rule
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You can find a distance you cannot measure directly by measuring a baseline and two angles. The sine rule in the triangle then gives the width.
You will need
- A measuring tape or a 10 m rope marked in metres
- A protractor and a plumb line, or a clinometer app on a phone
- Two sticks or flags for the ends of the baseline
- A flat piece of cardboard 30 cm by 30 cm for a sighting board
- A straw taped along its edge for sighting
- A pencil and graph paper
- A calculator with sin
Safety: Keep well away from the water edge. An adult must come along and stay with the group. Do not climb trees or walls to take readings.
Take it further: Use two landmarks to measure the distance between them across the water using two baselines.
MathsMedium
Sine wave drawn by a turning wheel and a moving roll of paper
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The height of a point on a turning wheel, measured above the centre, follows a sine curve in time. Tracing it on moving paper gives amplitude, period and a smooth wave.
You will need
- A cardboard disc of radius 10 cm
- A pushpin or a nail through the centre to a board
- A pencil or a coloured pen as a pointer
- A long strip of paper, 60 cm by 10 cm, or a roll of receipt paper
- A ruler and a protractor
- A set square
- A second sheet of graph paper for plotting
- Tape
Safety: An adult must help with the pin or the nail so that fingers are not pricked.
Take it further: Fix two pens at 90 degrees on the disc to trace sine and cosine waves together on the same paper.
MathsMedium
Balancing a cardboard triangle at its centroid, checked by coordinates
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The point where the three medians of a triangle meet is its centroid, and a flat triangle balances there. Its coordinates are the average of the three vertex coordinates.
You will need
- A sheet of thick cardboard
- Graph paper to glue on it
- A pencil, ruler and scissors
- A sharp pencil tip or a blunt needle stuck in an eraser as a pivot
- Glue
- A compass
- Calculator
Safety: An adult must supervise cutting. Keep the needle covered and use a blunt point for balancing.
Take it further: Cut a cardboard map of India and find its balance point by hanging it from two points and drawing plumb lines.
MathsMedium
Biggest open box from a square sheet: calculus against trial boxes
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Cutting equal squares from the corners of a sheet and folding it gives a box. The volume rises and then falls as the cut grows, and calculus predicts exactly where it is greatest.
You will need
- 6 sheets of square card, 24 cm by 24 cm
- Scissors and a ruler
- Tape
- Rice or sand to measure volume
- A measuring cup or a 250 ml container
- Graph paper
- A calculator
Safety: An adult must supervise the use of scissors. Wash hands after handling the rice.
Take it further: Find the shape of a cylinder-shaped tin with the least metal for a fixed volume of 500 ml and compare it with a real tin.
MathsMedium
Area under a curve by rectangles and trapeziums before the integral
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The area under a curve can be approximated by many thin strips. The more strips used, the closer the sum is to the definite integral.
You will need
- Graph paper with 1 mm squares
- A pencil and ruler
- Coloured pencils
- A calculator
- A table of values for y = x squared
- Scissors and glue for a cut-out comparison
- A thin card to cut out the shape
Safety: An adult should supervise the use of scissors for younger students.
Take it further: Repeat for y = sin x from 0 to 180 degrees, with x in radians, and see that the area is exactly 2.
Earth and spaceMedium
Find your latitude with a straw, a protractor and the Pole Star
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The height of the Pole Star above the horizon is nearly equal to your latitude in the northern hemisphere. A homemade angle measurer can show your place on Earth.
You will need
- A protractor with a hole at its centre
- A drinking straw taped along its straight edge
- A thread of 20 cm with a nut as a plumb weight
- A star chart or a free sky app to find the Pole Star
- A torch with a red cover for reading
- A notebook
- An atlas or phone map for the latitude of your town
Safety: An adult must come along for night work. Choose a safe open space away from roads and wear mosquito protection.
Take it further: Photograph the sky with a phone on a tripod for 30 seconds to catch short star trails turning round the Pole Star.
PhysicsEasy
Rubbed balloon lifts paper bits and bends a thin stream of water
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Rubbing a balloon on hair gives it an electric charge. A charged object attracts light things like paper bits and even bends a stream of water.
You will need
- 2 balloons
- A wool cloth or dry hair
- Tiny pieces of tissue paper
- A plastic comb
- A tap or a bottle with a small hole giving a thin stream
- A notebook
- A dry sunny day
Safety: An adult must supervise the use of balloons with children under 8 and make sure no burst pieces are put in the mouth.
Take it further: Hang two charged balloons side by side on threads and see them push each other apart.
PhysicsEasy
Finding the centre of gravity of odd cardboard shapes with a plumb line
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Every object has one point where its weight seems to act, the centre of gravity. A shape hung from a pin comes to rest with this point directly below the pin, which lets you find it with a plumb line.
You will need
- Thick cardboard sheets
- Scissors
- A pushpin or a thin nail
- A cork or eraser to hold the pin
- A thread with a nut as a plumb line
- A pencil and ruler
- A tray
Safety: An adult must supervise the use of scissors and pins and keep the pin covered when not in use.
Take it further: Use the method to find the balance point of a banana-shaped piece and explain why a leaning tower does not fall as long as its centre of gravity is above its base.
PhysicsMedium
Convection currents: coloured hot water rising and cold water sinking
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Warm water is lighter than cold water, so it rises, while cold water sinks. This movement forms convection currents which carry heat through liquids and air.
You will need
- A clear plastic or glass tank, such as an aquarium or a large clear box
- A small glass bottle with a narrow neck
- Food colouring, red and blue
- Hot water, about 50 degrees C (adult only)
- Ice cubes made with blue colouring
- A cardboard card to cover the bottle
- A rubber band and a spoon
Safety: An adult must handle the hot water, which must not exceed 50 to 60 degrees C. Keep the tank on a flat table away from the edge.
Take it further: Heat one side of a water tank with a warm bottle and cool the other side with ice, and track the colour of a dye drop.
PhysicsMedium
Archimedes’ principle with a rubber band balance and an overflow can
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An object in water feels lighter. The upward force, the buoyant force, equals the weight of the water it pushes aside, and the rubber band shows it by shrinking.
You will need
- A thick rubber band
- A stone with a thread loop, about 100 g
- A stand or a nail on a plank to hang the band
- A plastic bottle cut into an overflow can with a spout
- A small cup for the overflow
- A ruler
- A kitchen scale
- Water
Safety: An adult must cut the bottle and cover the sharp edge with tape. Wipe up spills to avoid slipping.
Take it further: Use the method to find the density of the stone by dividing its weight in air by the loss of weight in water.
PhysicsEasy
Blow over a paper strip and watch it rise: fast air, low pressure
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When you blow across the top of a paper strip it lifts instead of staying down. Fast-moving air has lower pressure than still air, so the stronger pressure below pushes the paper up.
You will need
- A sheet of A4 paper cut into strips of 4 cm by 20 cm
- Two light paper cups or empty cans
- A drinking straw
- Two ping pong balls or light paper balls
- Tape
- A ruler
- A table
Safety: No special safety. Do not blow too hard or too long so you do not feel dizzy.
Take it further: Make a paper aeroplane wing with a curved top and measure how far it glides with different curves.
PhysicsEasy
Coin drops into a glass when the card is flicked: inertia tricks
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Objects keep their state of rest unless a force acts on them. When the card is flicked quickly, the coin does not move sideways and drops straight down into the glass.
You will need
- A glass or steel tumbler
- A smooth playing card or a piece of stiff card
- A coin, 5 rupees
- A stack of 5 coins or carrom pieces
- A thin ruler
- A plastic tray
- A sheet of paper and a bottle with a wide base
Safety: Use unbreakable steel or plastic tumblers for children under 8. Keep fingers away from the edge when flicking.
Take it further: Measure how the speed of the pull changes the sideways movement of the bottle using a marked paper strip.
PhysicsEasy
Why the sky is blue and sunsets are red: milk in water and a torch
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Tiny particles scatter blue light more than red light. Light through a slightly milky tank looks blue from the side and orange-red from the far end, like a sky and a sunset.
You will need
- A clear rectangular glass tank or a clear plastic box
- Water to fill it
- Milk, 1 teaspoon
- A bright LED torch or a phone torch
- A black paper to make the room dark
- A white card as a screen
- A teaspoon
Safety: Do not shine the torch into anyone’s eyes. Dry the outside of the tank so that it does not slip.
Take it further: Use three torches with red, green and blue filters made from sweet wrappers and see which colour is scattered most.
PhysicsMedium
Cardboard gear train: how gears change speed and direction
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Gears pass motion from one shaft to the next. A small gear driving a large one turns it more slowly but with more turning force, and neighbouring gears turn in opposite directions.
You will need
- Thick corrugated cardboard, 3 sheets
- Compass cutter or a pair of scissors
- A ruler and a protractor
- Wooden skewers or pencils as axles, 4 pieces
- Bottle caps for bearings
- A cardboard base, 30 cm by 30 cm
- Glue
- Coloured stickers
Safety: An adult must supervise cutting of the gear teeth and the skewers, and cover the pointed ends with clay.
Take it further: Make a gear train that lifts a small weight with a thread and see how the gear ratio changes the force needed.
PhysicsEasy
Pepper runs from soap: surface tension and a soap-powered boat
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The surface of water behaves like a thin stretched skin. Soap weakens this skin where it touches, so the stronger pull from the surrounding water drags the floating pepper outwards.
You will need
- A wide, shallow plate or tray
- Water to fill it to 1 cm depth
- Ground black pepper
- A toothpick
- Liquid soap or dishwashing liquid
- A thin piece of plastic foam or card, cut as a boat
- A paper clip
Safety: Wash hands after the experiment. Do not put soap near the eyes or mouth.
Take it further: Compare the time a boat runs with soap, with lemon juice and with cooking oil and find which one drives it best.
Before you start
How to choose a good project
Six things to think about before you decide. A project you understand and finish well beats a big one you rush.
Start with a question
Good projects answer a question you are curious about: why does iron rust, which fabric keeps tea hottest, how does a robot follow a line? A question gives your project a purpose.
Check what is asked
Find out whether your teacher wants a working model, a still model or an investigatory project, the size limits, the topic or theme, the date, and whether ready-made models are allowed.
Match your time and class
Each idea here shows a class band, a difficulty and a rough time. Choose something you can finish properly with time to test it, rather than something huge you have to rush.
Pick science you can explain
Judges and examiners ask how it works. Choose an idea whose science you understand, or can learn from your textbook and the free ebooks, and practise explaining it.
List materials and costs
Write down everything you need before you start. Many models use things from home; motors, LEDs, sensors and boards are easy to buy as spare parts or in a kit.
Make it your own
Change one thing and measure what happens, add a chart of your readings, or show a real-life use. Even a well-known model becomes yours when you add your own observations.
Plan your time
A four-week project timeline
Work backwards from the date of your exhibition or submission. Short of time? Do the same steps faster, but never skip testing.
- 4 weeks before
Choose and get it approved
- Shortlist two or three ideas
- Write your aim or question in one sentence
- Show your teacher and agree the idea
- 3 weeks before
Read and collect materials
- Read the science in your textbook and a free ebook
- Sketch the design with measurements
- Collect or buy the materials and spare parts
- 2 weeks before
Build and test
- Build one part at a time and test each part
- For an investigation, repeat each reading at least three times
- Write every observation in a notebook with the date
- 1 week before
Write the report and chart
- Aim, materials, method, observations, result and conclusion
- A neat table or graph of your readings
- A chart or poster with a labelled diagram
- Last 2 days
Rehearse
- Practise a one-minute explanation out loud
- Prepare answers to the questions below
- Pack spares: cells, wires, tape and glue
On the day
Present it with confidence
You will usually have a minute or two to explain your project, then questions. Practise both out loud at home.
A one-minute explanation
- 1Name and question“My project is a … It answers the question …”
- 2What it showsOne sentence of science, in your own words.
- 3How it worksPoint to each part as you explain it.
- 4What you foundYour readings or result, and what they mean.
- 5Real lifeWhere the same science is used every day.
Questions judges often ask
- What does your project show, in one sentence?
- How does it work? Which law or idea of science is behind it?
- What did you change, and what did you measure?
- What went wrong while you were making it, and how did you fix it?
- Where is this idea used in real life?
- What would you improve if you made it again?
What your project file needs
- Title page with your name, class and school
- Aim or question
- Introduction: the science behind it
- Materials list
- Method, step by step, with a diagram
- Observations in a table
- Result and conclusion
- Precautions and safety
- Sources: books and websites you used
Projects and kits
Ready-made projects, kits and spare parts
Need a working model, a kit to build yourself, or a motor, LED, battery or sensor to finish your own? Every idea card links to the matching section of the store.
School Projects, Class 1 to 9
Ready-made working models for class 1 to 9: science, maths, physics, chemistry and biology.Browse
School Projects, Class 10 to 12
Working models and investigatory projects for class 10, 11 and 12.Browse
Best Out of Waste
Models made from bottles, cardboard and old parts, for waste-management themes.Browse
Robotics and Coding
Robot kits, Arduino projects, line followers, obstacle avoiders and smart projects.Browse
DIY Kits
Kits with every part and step-by-step instructions, to build the model yourself.Browse
Components and Spares
Motors, LEDs, batteries, switches, wires, sensors and breadboards to build or repair.Browse
Engineering Projects
Minor and major projects for diploma and BTech students.Browse
Cannot find what you need? Ask the head office on WhatsApp.
Free ebooks
Free books for making projects
Step-by-step project books for every class, plus guides to exhibitions, project files and viva questions. Free to download, read and print.
Science projects
Writing a Science Project File
How to write the report, from the cover page to the bibliography
Science projects
Viva Questions for Science Projects
How to answer examiner questions, with sample questions for popular projects
Science projects
Easy Science Projects for Class 1 to 5
Simple, safe projects young children can make with a little help
Science projects
Science Projects for Class 6 to 8
Working models matched to middle-school science topics
Science projects
Investigatory Projects for Class 11 and 12
Topics, method and report structure for physics, chemistry and biology
Stay safe
Safety rules for every project
Read these with a parent before you start. Ideas that need extra care carry their own safety note on the card.
Never use mains electricity
Power your models with cells, batteries or a low-voltage adapter. Never connect anything home-made to a wall socket.
Adult help for sharp and hot tools
Cutters, blades, glue guns, soldering irons and drills need an adult beside you. Cut away from your body on a board.
Chemicals with care
Use only safe household materials at home. Acids, stains and other lab chemicals are for the school lab with your teacher. Wear goggles and never taste anything.
Flames only with an adult
Candles and burners only with an adult present and water nearby. Tie back long hair and keep paper away.
Look after batteries
Do not short-circuit a battery, mix old and new cells, or puncture or heat a lithium battery. Remove batteries when the model is stored.
Small parts away from little ones
Magnets, button cells and small parts can be swallowed. Keep them away from younger brothers and sisters, and wash your hands after making.
Questions about science projects
Still have a question?
Chat on WhatsAppWhat is the difference between a working model, a still model and an investigatory project?
A working model moves or works to show a principle, such as a windmill that lights an LED. A still model shows how something is built or arranged, such as the layers of the Earth. An investigatory project asks a question and answers it by experiment: you change one thing, measure the result and draw a conclusion from your readings.
Can I buy a ready-made project?
Check your school’s rules first: some competitions want models made by the student, and some allow ready-made ones. Either way, you must understand how it works and be able to explain it. A good approach is to build from a kit, or to add your own measurements and chart to a ready-made model.
How long does a school project take?
Each idea here shows a rough time for the making. Leave extra time for reading, testing, the report and practice: three to four weeks from choosing to presenting is comfortable for most school projects.
What should go in my project report or file?
A title page, your aim, the science behind it, the materials, the method with a diagram, your observations in a table, the result and conclusion, precautions, and the books and websites you used. The free ebook “Writing a Science Project File” explains each part.
What if my model stops working on the day?
Carry spare cells, wires and tape, and test everything when you arrive. Take a short video or photos of it working at home. If something still fails, explain calmly what should happen and what you would check: judges value understanding as much as a perfect model.
More help
Stuck on a project?
Read the student help pages, try the free calculators for circuits and units, or ask the head office on WhatsApp.