Science projects
Your Science Exhibition Guide
Choose a project, build it, present it and answer the judges with confidence
Science project idea finder
1029 science project ideas, from class 1 to college.
Find a project by class, subject and type. Every idea explains the science it shows, what you need, how long it takes and how to stay safe, with free ebooks and ready-made kits if you need them. 930 ideas have numbered steps and viva questions on their own page.
Want a complete build with diagrams? 16 free detailed project guides
- Class 1 to 5Simple, safe models made with help at home.224 ideas
- Class 6 to 8Working models of the science you learn in class.485 ideas
- Class 9 and 10Energy, electricity, light and first robots.467 ideas
- Class 11 and 12Investigatory projects for the practical exam.332 ideas
- College and diplomaArduino, IoT and sensor projects.119 ideas
Idea finder
Find your project
Choose your class and what interests you, or search for a word such as magnet, solar, heart or robot. Open any card for a summary, or its title for the full page with the science, the steps and the viva questions.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Knock sensor: a piezo disc and a BC547 that flash an LED when you tap the desk
Show detailsHide detailsWhat it shows
A piezoelectric disc makes a small voltage when it is squeezed or struck. A transistor amplifies this short pulse so it lights an LED for a moment.
You will need
- A piezo disc (from a buzzer or a greeting card)
- One BC547 transistor
- A 1 MΩ resistor, a 1 kΩ resistor and a 470 Ω resistor
- One 1N4148 diode
- One LED
- A 9 V battery with snap connector
- A breadboard and jumper wires
Safety: Battery power only. Handle the thin piezo disc gently; it cracks if bent.
Take it further: Use the knock to charge a 10 µF capacitor that holds the LED on for about a second.
Electronics and roboticsEasy
Secret code box: four toggle switches in series that light an LED in one setting
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Switches in series work like the word AND: the loop is complete only if every switch is in its correct position. With four two-way toggles there are 16 settings and only one lights the LED.
You will need
- Four SPDT toggle or slide switches
- A shoebox or matchbox with holes for the switches
- One LED and a 150 Ω resistor
- A 2 x AA battery holder with two cells
- Seven wires about 10 cm long
- Tape and a marker
Safety: Cells only. Keep the code secret by hiding the wiring inside the box.
Take it further: Add a decoy wire that lights a second LED for one wrong code to trap guessers.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Toy motor dynamo run by a bicycle tyre with two opposite LEDs
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A DC motor works backwards as a generator. When its shaft is turned by a spinning tyre it makes a voltage, and reversing the spin reverses the voltage, which lights the other LED of an opposite pair.
You will need
- A 6 V or 12 V hobby DC motor (the kind in a toy car)
- A rubber roller cut from a cycle tube or a thread bobbin on the shaft
- A bicycle on a stand, or a bicycle wheel on a fork held in a vice
- Two red LEDs and two 100 Ω resistors
- A strip of wood and cable ties to hold the motor
- Two wires and tape
Safety: An adult must help to hold or stand the bicycle. Keep fingers, hair and clothes clear of the spinning wheel. Do not use a mains-powered driver.
Take it further: Put a 4 x 1N4007 bridge and a 470 µF capacitor between the motor and one LED to get steady DC light.
Electronics and roboticsChallenging
Two-tone siren built from two 555 timers and a small speaker
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One 555 timer makes a slow beat of about one per second, and it wobbles the pitch of a second 555 that produces an audible tone. Together they give a rising and falling siren.
You will need
- Two NE555 timer ICs with 8-pin sockets
- Resistors: 10 kΩ, 47 kΩ, 1 kΩ, 10 kΩ, 100 Ω
- Capacitors: 10 µF (16 V), 10 nF and 100 µF (16 V)
- An 8 Ω small speaker
- A 9 V battery with snap connector and a switch
- A breadboard and jumper wires
Safety: Battery power only. Fit each 555 the right way round: pin 1 is next to the notch or dot. A reversed chip gets hot quickly.
Take it further: Add a push button that powers the siren only while pressed, making a pocket alarm.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Delay light: two BC547 transistors and a 100 µF capacitor that switch on after 20 seconds
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A capacitor charges slowly through a very large resistor. Only when its voltage reaches about 1.4 V does a pair of transistors, the Darlington pair, switch the LED on, giving a timed delay.
You will need
- Two BC547 transistors
- A 1 MΩ resistor and a 470 Ω resistor
- A 100 µF 16 V electrolytic capacitor
- A push button and an LED
- A 9 V battery with snap connector
- A breadboard and jumper wires, a watch
Safety: Battery power only. Fit the electrolytic capacitor with its negative leg to ground.
Take it further: Add a 1 MΩ trimmer in series to make an adjustable timer you can set from 10 to 60 seconds.
Electronics and roboticsEasy
Tilt alarm from a steel ball in a straw tube that rings a buzzer
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A small steel ball rolls to the low end of a tube when it is tilted and bridges two bare wires there. This completes a circuit, so the object is warned when it moves out of the upright position.
You will need
- A stiff plastic drinking straw or an empty pen refill tube, about 8 cm
- A small steel ball (from a broken bearing) or a bicycle ball bearing
- Two 12 cm bare ended wires
- A 3 V active buzzer
- A 2 x AA battery holder with two cells
- A small box, glue and tape
Safety: Cells only. The ball is a small part: keep it away from young children and do not put it in your mouth.
Take it further: Fix the box on a toy bicycle to make a fall detector.
Electronics and roboticsChallenging
Eight-key toy organ with a 555 timer and a trimmer for each note
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The pitch of a 555 astable depends on its timing resistor. Eight keys, each connecting a different resistor, give eight notes of a musical scale.
You will need
- One NE555 with a socket
- Eight push buttons
- Eight 47 kΩ trimmer potentiometers (or fixed resistors, see steps)
- A 1 kΩ resistor, a 100 nF capacitor and a 100 µF capacitor
- A 100 Ω resistor and an 8 Ω small speaker
- A 9 V battery with snap connector and a breadboard
- A phone tuner app
Safety: Battery power only. Fit the 555 with pin 1 next to the notch. Keep the volume low for your ears.
Take it further: Add a ninth key with a switch that adds a second capacitor to move the whole scale an octave lower.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Adjustable metronome with a 555 timer, a knob, an LED and a click
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A very slow 555 astable circuit beats like a clock. A 100 kΩ potentiometer sets the speed from about 35 to 160 beats per minute, which is useful for music practice.
You will need
- One NE555 with a socket
- A 10 kΩ resistor, a 22 kΩ resistor and a 100 kΩ potentiometer
- A 10 µF 16 V electrolytic capacitor and a 10 nF capacitor
- A 470 Ω resistor and an LED
- An active buzzer, 3 to 12 V
- A 9 V battery with snap connector and a breadboard
Safety: Battery power only. Fit the 555 the right way round.
Take it further: Mark a dial with 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 160 beats per minute using a phone stopwatch.
Electronics and roboticsEasy
Forward and reverse toy car using one DPDT switch and a motor
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The direction of a DC motor depends on the direction of the current through it. A double-pole double-throw switch wired crosswise swaps the battery connections and so reverses the car.
You will need
- A DC toy motor (1.5 to 3 V) with a small gear or rubber wheel
- One DPDT slide switch
- A 2 x AA battery holder with two cells
- Cardboard or an ice-cream stick chassis with four bottle-cap wheels
- Five insulated wires
- Glue, tape and a skewer for the axles
Safety: Cells only. An adult should supervise cutting. Keep fingers off the turning wheels.
Take it further: Add a second motor and DPDT switch to steer by driving the wheels in opposite directions.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Plant pot dry soil alert with two steel nails, a BC547 and an LED
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Damp soil conducts electricity far better than dry soil. A transistor circuit lights a red LED when the soil resistance between two nails rises, which tells you the plant needs water.
You will need
- Two stainless steel nails or screws about 5 cm long
- One BC547 transistor
- A 220 kΩ resistor and a 470 Ω resistor
- A red LED
- A 9 V battery with snap connector
- A breadboard, wires, a potted plant and a cup of water
Safety: Battery power only, with the breadboard well away from the pot and the water. Do not leave the nails connected for days: they corrode, so switch off between checks.
Take it further: Compare the LED switching moment for sandy soil, garden soil and clay and explain the differences.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Foam tray toy boat with a toy motor, propeller and slide switch
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A motor-driven propeller pushes water backwards and the boat moves forward, which is Newton’s third law. A well-shaped, light hull floats because the water it pushes aside weighs more than the boat.
You will need
- A foam meat tray or a thermocol tray as the hull
- A small 3 V DC toy motor
- A 2 x AA battery holder with two cells and a slide switch
- A plastic bottle cap propeller with two or three blades
- A rubber band and tape (waterproof tape if you have it)
- A large tub or bucket of water
Safety: Cells only, and test in a tub indoors, never in a pond or a river. Keep every wire and the motor top above the water line and keep the switch dry. An adult must be present near water and must dry everything afterwards.
Take it further: Make the boat steer with two motors, one on each side, and a DPDT switch for each.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Car parking sensor with an Arduino whose beeps speed up as the wall nears
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An ultrasonic sensor measures distance from the time an echo takes to return. The Arduino turns this distance into LED steps and a beeping speed, like the sensor in a car bumper.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or compatible board with a USB cable
- An HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor
- A piezo buzzer (active)
- Green, yellow and red LEDs with three 220 Ω resistors
- A breadboard and jumper wires
- A cardboard toy car or box to mount the sensor
Safety: Powered from a USB port or a laptop only. Check the sensor power wires before plugging in, because reversed 5 V and ground can damage the module.
Take it further: Add a small OLED display that shows the distance in centimetres in large digits.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Digital room thermometer with an LM35 and LCD showing the day’s minimum and maximum
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The LM35 gives 10 millivolts for every degree Celsius. The Arduino reads this voltage with its analog input, converts it to degrees and shows the present, lowest and highest readings on a screen.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or compatible board
- An LM35 temperature sensor in TO-92 package
- A 16 x 2 LCD with an I2C backpack (address usually 0x27)
- A push button for resetting
- A breadboard and jumper wires
- A USB cable and power bank
Safety: USB power only. Check the LM35 legs before powering: with the flat face towards you, they are +5 V, output and ground from left to right.
Take it further: Store a reading every ten minutes in the EEPROM and print a day’s graph on the Serial Plotter.
Electronics and roboticsChallenging
Sonar radar sweep: a servo-mounted ultrasonic sensor mapping a room on a laptop
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Turning an ultrasonic sensor on a servo and sending angle and distance to a laptop builds a polar map of the objects around, like a radar sweep. It combines timing, servo control and serial communication.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or compatible board
- An SG90 micro servo
- An HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor
- A bracket or card to mount the sensor on the servo
- A 4 x AA battery holder (6 V) or a power bank for the servo
- A laptop with the Processing app (free)
- A breadboard and jumper wires
Safety: USB and low voltage only. Do not turn the servo by hand when it is powered. Keep the sensor cable loose enough not to snag.
Take it further: Add a second servo to tilt the sensor and make a rough 3D scan of a small box.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Digital lap stopwatch with an Arduino, three buttons and an LCD
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The millis() timer counts milliseconds since the board started. Storing the start time and subtracting it from the present value gives elapsed time, which can be shown to a hundredth of a second.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or compatible board
- A 16 x 2 I2C LCD
- Three push buttons (start/stop, lap, reset)
- A breadboard and jumper wires
- A power bank or USB cable
- A cardboard case
Safety: USB power only.
Take it further: Use two infrared sensors as start and stop gates to time a toy car down a ramp.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Two-road traffic junction with an Arduino and a pedestrian crossing button
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A traffic controller is a state machine: the lights follow a fixed sequence, but a pedestrian button can ask for a change. It shows how timing and input are combined in a program.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or compatible board
- Six LEDs: two red, two yellow, two green
- Six 220 Ω resistors
- A push button and a small piezo buzzer
- A breadboard and jumper wires
- Card to model the two roads
Safety: USB power only. Fit each resistor before connecting its LED to the board.
Take it further: Add an LDR so the junction flashes yellow at night, as many junctions do.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Simon memory game with four coloured LEDs, buttons and a buzzer
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The Arduino stores a growing random sequence in an array, plays it with lights and tones, and checks the player repeats it. It teaches arrays, loops and random numbers in a game.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or compatible board
- Four LEDs of different colours and four 220 Ω resistors
- Four push buttons
- A small piezo buzzer
- A breadboard and jumper wires
- A cardboard box lid for the game panel
Safety: USB power only.
Take it further: Add a second mode where two players take turns adding a step to the sequence.
Electronics and roboticsChallenging
Model door lock opened by a 4 digit keypad code and a servo bolt
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The Arduino compares the keys typed with a stored code and turns a servo to slide a bolt only when they match. After three wrong tries it locks out for a minute, showing basic access control logic.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or compatible board
- A 4 x 4 matrix keypad
- An SG90 micro servo
- A red LED, a green LED and two 220 Ω resistors
- A piezo buzzer
- A 16 x 2 I2C LCD (optional)
- A cardboard or wooden door model, breadboard and wires
Safety: USB power only. This is a classroom model and must not be used to guard anything valuable. Keep the servo wire clear of the moving bolt.
Take it further: Store the code in EEPROM and add a key sequence that lets the owner change it.
Electronics and roboticsChallenging
RFID card door opener with an MFRC522 reader that logs who entered
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A passive RFID card has no battery: the reader powers it through radio waves and reads its unique ID. The Arduino checks the ID against a list and opens a servo door for known cards only.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or compatible board
- An MFRC522 RFID module with two cards or tags (13.56 MHz)
- An SG90 micro servo
- Green and red LEDs with two 220 Ω resistors
- A buzzer
- A breadboard and jumper wires
- A cardboard door model
Safety: USB power only. The MFRC522 runs from 3.3 V, never 5 V: connect its VCC only to the Arduino 3.3 V pin. Use only cards you own.
Take it further: Add a DS3231 clock and log each entry with the real date and time on an SD card.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Hand-wave theremin: an ultrasonic sensor that plays higher notes as your hand nears
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The Arduino turns the distance of your hand into the frequency of a tone, so you can play music in the air. It shows how a sensor reading can be mapped to a sound.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or compatible board
- An HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor
- A small speaker (8 Ω) with a 100 Ω resistor in series, or a piezo buzzer
- A push button to switch the scale
- A breadboard and jumper wires
- A card tube to guide the sound
Safety: USB power only. Keep the sound level low for your ears.
Take it further: Add a second sensor to control the volume with another hand using a digital potentiometer or PWM.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Internet clock showing Indian time on an OLED, set automatically by NTP
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Computers set their clocks by asking time servers over the internet using the Network Time Protocol. A NodeMCU can do the same and display accurate Indian Standard Time without a clock chip.
You will need
- A NodeMCU ESP8266 board with a micro USB cable
- A 0.96 inch SSD1306 I2C OLED display
- A breadboard and jumper wires
- A phone hotspot or home Wi-Fi with a known password
- A power bank
- A small box as case
Safety: USB power only. Do not share your Wi-Fi password in published code; keep it in the sketch only on your own computer.
Take it further: Add a buzzer alarm and a web page that lets you set the alarm time from your phone.
Electronics and roboticsChallenging
ESP32 sensor node publishing temperature and light over MQTT to a laptop broker
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MQTT is the light-weight messaging method behind many IoT systems. A sensor node publishes readings under named topics, and any subscriber, such as a laptop or a phone, receives them through a broker.
You will need
- An ESP32 development board
- A DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor
- An LDR and a 10 kΩ resistor
- A laptop running the free Mosquitto broker
- A home Wi-Fi network
- A breadboard and jumper wires
- The free MQTT Explorer app or mosquitto_sub
Safety: USB power only. Run the broker only on your home or school network and do not expose it to the internet. Do not publish your Wi-Fi password in shared code.
Take it further: Make a second ESP32 subscribe to the light topic and turn an LED on when the room gets dark.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Stepper motor turntable that turns a product by 10 degrees for 360 degree photos
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A stepper motor turns in exact small steps instead of spinning freely. The Arduino counts steps to rotate a platform through an exact angle, which is how 3D scanners, printers and camera sliders position things.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or Nano
- A 28BYJ-48 5 V stepper motor with ULN2003 driver board
- A 5 V 1 A power bank or battery pack for the motor
- A push button
- A round card or plywood platform 12 cm across and a hub
- A small object to photograph, and a phone on a stand
Safety: Low voltage only. Keep hair and fingers away from the turning platform. The motor and driver chip get warm after long use; switch off when finished.
Take it further: Make the Arduino trigger the phone shutter through a Bluetooth remote so the full turn is automatic.
Electronics and roboticsMedium
Medicine time reminder box with a DS3231 clock, buzzer and LCD
Show detailsHide detailsWhat it shows
A real time clock chip keeps time even when the board is off, using a coin cell. The Arduino compares it with set alarm times and sounds a buzzer until a button is pressed.
You will need
- An Arduino Uno or Nano
- A DS3231 real time clock module with a CR2032 cell
- A 16 x 2 I2C LCD
- A buzzer and a green LED with a 220 Ω resistor
- A push button to say the dose has been taken
- A box with three compartments and a power bank
Safety: USB power only. This is a reminder model for learning, not a medical device: a family member must always check the real doses. Do not rely on it for anyone’s health.
Take it further: Add a second button to snooze the alarm for ten minutes.
Before you start
How to choose a good project
Six things to think about before you decide. A project you understand and finish well beats a big one you rush.
Start with a question
Good projects answer a question you are curious about: why does iron rust, which fabric keeps tea hottest, how does a robot follow a line? A question gives your project a purpose.
Check what is asked
Find out whether your teacher wants a working model, a still model or an investigatory project, the size limits, the topic or theme, the date, and whether ready-made models are allowed.
Match your time and class
Each idea here shows a class band, a difficulty and a rough time. Choose something you can finish properly with time to test it, rather than something huge you have to rush.
Pick science you can explain
Judges and examiners ask how it works. Choose an idea whose science you understand, or can learn from your textbook and the free ebooks, and practise explaining it.
List materials and costs
Write down everything you need before you start. Many models use things from home; motors, LEDs, sensors and boards are easy to buy as spare parts or in a kit.
Make it your own
Change one thing and measure what happens, add a chart of your readings, or show a real-life use. Even a well-known model becomes yours when you add your own observations.
Plan your time
A four-week project timeline
Work backwards from the date of your exhibition or submission. Short of time? Do the same steps faster, but never skip testing.
- 4 weeks before
Choose and get it approved
- Shortlist two or three ideas
- Write your aim or question in one sentence
- Show your teacher and agree the idea
- 3 weeks before
Read and collect materials
- Read the science in your textbook and a free ebook
- Sketch the design with measurements
- Collect or buy the materials and spare parts
- 2 weeks before
Build and test
- Build one part at a time and test each part
- For an investigation, repeat each reading at least three times
- Write every observation in a notebook with the date
- 1 week before
Write the report and chart
- Aim, materials, method, observations, result and conclusion
- A neat table or graph of your readings
- A chart or poster with a labelled diagram
- Last 2 days
Rehearse
- Practise a one-minute explanation out loud
- Prepare answers to the questions below
- Pack spares: cells, wires, tape and glue
On the day
Present it with confidence
You will usually have a minute or two to explain your project, then questions. Practise both out loud at home.
A one-minute explanation
- 1Name and question“My project is a … It answers the question …”
- 2What it showsOne sentence of science, in your own words.
- 3How it worksPoint to each part as you explain it.
- 4What you foundYour readings or result, and what they mean.
- 5Real lifeWhere the same science is used every day.
Questions judges often ask
- What does your project show, in one sentence?
- How does it work? Which law or idea of science is behind it?
- What did you change, and what did you measure?
- What went wrong while you were making it, and how did you fix it?
- Where is this idea used in real life?
- What would you improve if you made it again?
What your project file needs
- Title page with your name, class and school
- Aim or question
- Introduction: the science behind it
- Materials list
- Method, step by step, with a diagram
- Observations in a table
- Result and conclusion
- Precautions and safety
- Sources: books and websites you used
Projects and kits
Ready-made projects, kits and spare parts
Need a working model, a kit to build yourself, or a motor, LED, battery or sensor to finish your own? Every idea card links to the matching section of the store.
School Projects, Class 1 to 9
Ready-made working models for class 1 to 9: science, maths, physics, chemistry and biology.Browse
School Projects, Class 10 to 12
Working models and investigatory projects for class 10, 11 and 12.Browse
Best Out of Waste
Models made from bottles, cardboard and old parts, for waste-management themes.Browse
Robotics and Coding
Robot kits, Arduino projects, line followers, obstacle avoiders and smart projects.Browse
DIY Kits
Kits with every part and step-by-step instructions, to build the model yourself.Browse
Components and Spares
Motors, LEDs, batteries, switches, wires, sensors and breadboards to build or repair.Browse
Engineering Projects
Minor and major projects for diploma and BTech students.Browse
Cannot find what you need? Ask the head office on WhatsApp.
Free ebooks
Free books for making projects
Step-by-step project books for every class, plus guides to exhibitions, project files and viva questions. Free to download, read and print.
Science projects
Writing a Science Project File
How to write the report, from the cover page to the bibliography
Science projects
Viva Questions for Science Projects
How to answer examiner questions, with sample questions for popular projects
Science projects
Easy Science Projects for Class 1 to 5
Simple, safe projects young children can make with a little help
Science projects
Science Projects for Class 6 to 8
Working models matched to middle-school science topics
Science projects
Investigatory Projects for Class 11 and 12
Topics, method and report structure for physics, chemistry and biology
Stay safe
Safety rules for every project
Read these with a parent before you start. Ideas that need extra care carry their own safety note on the card.
Never use mains electricity
Power your models with cells, batteries or a low-voltage adapter. Never connect anything home-made to a wall socket.
Adult help for sharp and hot tools
Cutters, blades, glue guns, soldering irons and drills need an adult beside you. Cut away from your body on a board.
Chemicals with care
Use only safe household materials at home. Acids, stains and other lab chemicals are for the school lab with your teacher. Wear goggles and never taste anything.
Flames only with an adult
Candles and burners only with an adult present and water nearby. Tie back long hair and keep paper away.
Look after batteries
Do not short-circuit a battery, mix old and new cells, or puncture or heat a lithium battery. Remove batteries when the model is stored.
Small parts away from little ones
Magnets, button cells and small parts can be swallowed. Keep them away from younger brothers and sisters, and wash your hands after making.
Questions about science projects
Still have a question?
Chat on WhatsAppWhat is the difference between a working model, a still model and an investigatory project?
A working model moves or works to show a principle, such as a windmill that lights an LED. A still model shows how something is built or arranged, such as the layers of the Earth. An investigatory project asks a question and answers it by experiment: you change one thing, measure the result and draw a conclusion from your readings.
Can I buy a ready-made project?
Check your school’s rules first: some competitions want models made by the student, and some allow ready-made ones. Either way, you must understand how it works and be able to explain it. A good approach is to build from a kit, or to add your own measurements and chart to a ready-made model.
How long does a school project take?
Each idea here shows a rough time for the making. Leave extra time for reading, testing, the report and practice: three to four weeks from choosing to presenting is comfortable for most school projects.
What should go in my project report or file?
A title page, your aim, the science behind it, the materials, the method with a diagram, your observations in a table, the result and conclusion, precautions, and the books and websites you used. The free ebook “Writing a Science Project File” explains each part.
What if my model stops working on the day?
Carry spare cells, wires and tape, and test everything when you arrive. Take a short video or photos of it working at home. If something still fails, explain calmly what should happen and what you would check: judges value understanding as much as a perfect model.
More help
Stuck on a project?
Read the student help pages, try the free calculators for circuits and units, or ask the head office on WhatsApp.